Page 30 - Volume 7, Issue 1, January 2014

© Benaki Phytopathological Institute
Damalas et al. 28
duction and seed dispersal in subsequent
generations.
The information reported in this study
concerns basic morphological traits of Vi-
ola arvensis as a guide for correct identifi-
cation of this species. Our observations in-
dicate that the species is rather easy to
identify since there are adequate diagnos-
tic characters in morphology, even for non-
experts. Complicating factors could be the
occurrence of hybrids (as reported in the lit-
erature) and the unpredictable phenolog-
ical plasticity of individuals growing out-
side their normal habitat. Supplementary
research is under way to assist in acquiring
detailed knowledge on the biology of the
species and in the selection of appropriate
weed control practices.
Literature cited
Andreasen, C. and Stryhn, H. 2012. Increasing weed
flora in Danish beet, pea and winter barley
fields. Crop Protection, 36: 11−17.
Becker, J., Schröder, J., Larelle, D., Erdei, I., Homa, U.
and Gast, R. 2008. DOW 00742 H (GF-1361) − A
novel cereal herbicide containing a new active
ingredient (pyroxsulam) and florasulam with
a broad activity on grass and dicotyledonous
weeds. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection,
21: 623−628 (Supplement).
Bourdôt, G.W., Hurrell, G.A. and Saville, D.J. 1998.
Weed flora of cereal crops in Canterbury, New
Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horti-
cultural Science, 26: 233−247.
Cowbrough, M. and Smith, P. 2009. A Field Guide to
Broadleaf Weeds. Ontario Ministry of Agricul-
ture, Food and Rural Affairs: University of Guel-
ph and Bayer Crop Science, 48 p.
Damanakis, M. 1983. Weed species in wheat fields
of Greece – 1982, 1983 survey. Zizaniology, 1:
85−90 (in Greek).
Degenhardt, R.F., Harker, K.N., Topinka, A.K.,
McGregor, W.R. and Hall, L.M. 2005a. Effect of
herbicides on field violet (Viola arvensis ) in four
direct-seeded canola management systems.
Weed Technology, 19: 608−622.
Degenhardt, R.F., Spaner, D., Harker, K.N., McGregor,
W.R. and Hall, L.M. 2005b. Effect of herbicides
on field violet ( Viola arvensis) in direct-seeded
spring wheat. Weed Technology, 19: 359–371.
Degenhardt, R.F., Spaner, D., Harker, K.N., Raatz, L.L.
and Hall, L.M. 2005c. Plasticity, life cycle and in-
terference potential of field violet (Viola arven-
sis Murr.) in direct-seeded wheat and canola in
central Alberta. Canadian Journal of Plant Sci-
ence, 85: 271–284.
Dekker, J. 1997. Weed diversity and weed manage-
ment. Weed Science , 45: 357–363.
Doohan, D.J. and Monaco, T.J. 1991. The biology of
Canadian weeds. 99. Viola arvensis Murr. Cana-
dian Journal of Plant Science, 72: 87–201.
FILOTIS DATABASE, 2014. Database for the natural
environment of Greece. Available at: http://filo-
tis.itia.ntua.gr/species/d/899/
Hanf, M. 1983. The Arable Weeds of Europe with their
Seedlings and Seeds . London (UK): BASF United
Kingdom Ltd, 494 p.
Hanzlik, K. and Gerowitt, B. 2012. Occurrence and
distribution of important weed species in Ger-
man winter oilseed rape fields. Journal of Plant
Diseases and Protection, 119: 107–120.
Huggenberger, F. and Gueguen, F. 1987. Yield re-
sponse to pre-emergence control of broad-
leaved weeds in winter cereals with isoxaben in
France. Crop Protection, 6: 75–81.
Koo, S.J. and Caseley, J.C. 2008. Biological activity of
pyribenzoxim in winter wheat and associated
weeds. Weed Biology and Management , 8: 11–17.
Richardson, R.J. and Zandstra, B.H. 2009. Weed con-
trol in Christmas trees with flumioxazin and oth-
er residual herbicides applied alone or in tank
mixtures. HortTechnology, 19: 181–186.
Salonen, J., Hyvönen, T. and Jalli, H. 2011. Composi-
tion of weed flora in spring cereals in Finland − a
fourth survey. Agricultural and Food Science , 20:
245–261.
Vanaga, I., Mintale, Z. and Smirnova, O. 2010. Domi-
nant species of dicot-weeds and weed biodiver-
sity in spring barley in Latvia. Communications
in Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences, 75:
119–127.
Received: 13 November 2013; Accepted: 23 January 2014