© Benaki Phytopathological Institute
Integrated management of the red palm weevil
3
influencing the biology, ecology and popu-
lation dynamics of poikilothermic organisms
as arthropods. Once the thermal require-
ments of
R. ferrugineus
developing in live
P.
canariensis
palms had been established, the
next step focused on establishing the lower
temperature thresholds for oviposition and
egg hatching. The effect of temperatures in
the range 10-25ºC on the reproductive pa-
rameters of laboratory-reared
R. ferrugineus-
was studied (Dembilio
et al
. 2011c). Highest
fecundity and oviposition rate were ob-
served at 25ºC, (33.25 eggs per female and
2.38 eggs per female and day, respective-
ly), whereas no oviposition was observed
for females kept below 15ºC. Interestingly,
females moved from 25º to 15ºC at age 14
days old could lay a mean of 5.17 eggs dur-
ing the entire experimental period (15 days)
and those moved from 25º to 10ºC could lay
Table 1.
Development time and number of instars reported by different authors for
R. ferrug-
ineus
feeding on different substrates.
Authors
Feeding substrate
Development time (days)
instars
Egg Larva Pupa
Total
Shahina
et al
., 2009
Honey in cotton
4-5
-
-
-
4
Shahina
et al
., 2009
Sugarcane lumps
4-5
50-80 20-30 74-115
9
Shahina
et al
., 2009
Apple slices
4-5
-
-
-
4
Abe
et al
., 2009
Apple slices
-
-
-
-
12
Salama
et al.,
2009
Banana slices
5
90
16-20 111-115
5
Salama
et al.,
2009
Sugarcane lumps
5
128
25-29 158-162
5
Salama
et al.,
2009
Squash fruit
5
83
20-24 108-112
5
Salama
et al.,
2009
Apple slices
5
103
16-18 124-126
5
Salama
et al.,
2009
Palm crown lumps
5
69
16-19 90-93
5
Kaakeh, 2005
Sugarcane lumps
3-4
82
19
108
-
Kaakeh, 2005
Palm Heart lumps
3-4
86
21
124
-
Kaakeh, 2005
Palm leaf base
3-4
84
18
119
-
Kaakeh, 2005
Artificial diet
3-4 70-102 16-23 93-131
-
Martín-Molina, 2004
Sugarcane lumps
3-4
88
25
116
11-17
Martín-Molina, 2004
Artificial diet
3-4
93
30
128
7-12
Martín-Molina, 2004
Palm lumps
-
-
-
-
8-15
Salama
et al.
, 2002
Banana slices
-
-
13-22
-
-
Jaya
et al.
, 2000
Sugarcane lumps
-
81-89
-
-
7
Esteban-Duran
et al.
, 1998 Sugarcane lumps
-
76-102 19-45
139
-
Avand Faghih, 1996
Palm lumps
1-6
41-78
-
-
-
Kranz
et al
., 1982
NS
2-3
60
14-21 76-84
-
Kalshoven, 1981
Sago palm pith
-
-
-
105-210
-
Butani, 1975
Sugarcane lumps
2-4
24-61 18-34 44-100
-
Rahalkar
et al.,
1972
Sugarcane lumps
3-4
32-51 15-28 50-82
-
Nirula, 1956
Coconut slices
2-5
36-67 12-21 54-120
3
Viado and Bigornia, 1949 Coconut slices
3
35-38 11-19 49-70
9
Lepesme, 1947
NS
3
60
15
90-180
-
Dammerman, 1929
NS
3
60-120
14
74-134
-
Leefmans, 1920
Sago palm lumps
-
60
13-15 73-75
-
Ghosh, 1912; Ghosh, 1923 Palm lumps
3-4
25-61 18-33 48-82
-
NS: not specified
1,2,3,4 6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,...31