© Benaki Phytopathological Institute
Tzortzakakis
et al.
74
X. cretense
(Tzortzakakis
et al
., 2014) and
an olive orchard where
X. herakliense
had
been found (Tzortzakakis
et al
., 2015),
aiming at the detection of first-stage ju-
veniles (J
1
) which could not be detected
after repeated samplings at the original
description of these species. This life-
stage may have a practical significance
when distinguishing species closely re-
lated (Hunt, 1995),
b) 45 olive orchards in Heraklion, Rethym-
no and Lasithi provinces and 14 individ-
ual wild olive trees in Heraklion province,
different to the ones in Tzortzakakis
et al
.
(2014, 2015) study and
c) 100 vineyards in Heraklion and Chania
provinces and assigned to the Nematolo-
gy Laboratory (affiliation of the 1
st
author)
by farmers for nematode diagnosis.
Soil sampling (for olive trees), nematode
extraction, fixing and identification proto-
cols were carried out as by Tzortzakakis
et al
.
(2014, 2015).
Description of J
1
s of
Xiphinema cretense
and
Xiphinema herakliense
In both species, J
1
s were positively identified
by the position of the replacement odonto-
style, which lies mostly within the odonto-
phore, with the anterior tip near the base
of the functional odontostyle (Figures 1, 2)
(Hunt, 1995).
Xiphinema cretense (J
1
)
Measurements (n = 5): L = 1103 ± 24.4 (1083-
1128) μm; a = 51.7 ± 1.8 (50.4-53.7); b = 4.3 ±
0.3 (4.0-4.6); c = 22.9 ± 1.3 (22.1-24.4); c’ = 3.2
± 0.1 (3.1-3.3); odontostyle length = 55.3 ±
0.5 (56.0-57.0) μm; replacement odontostyle
length = 73.2 ± 1.2 (73.0-75.0) μm; odonto-
phore length = 41.9 ± 1.0 (41.0-43.0) μm; lip
region width = 7.7 ± 0.5 (7.5-8.5) μm; oral
aperture-guiding ring distance = 38.7 ± 4.0
(34.0-41.5) μm; tail length = 48.6 ± 2.5 (46.0-
51.0) μm; hyaline region at tail tip = 11.5 ±
0.6 (11.0-12.0) μm.
Description: Morphologically similar to
adult specimens described by Tzortzaka-
kis
et al
. (2014), apart from developed re-
productive system, shorter body length, tail
shape and presence of replacement odonto-
style (Figure 1A). Anterior part characterized
by position of replacement odontostyle just
posterior to functional odontostyle, its tip
touching or very close to base of function-
al odontostyle (Figure 1B). Bluntly conoid
tail shape well curved dorso-ventrally with
a slight dorsal depression at hyaline region
level (Figures 1C-E).
Xiphinema herakliense (J
1
)
Measurements (n = 1): L = 1183 μm; a = 42.3;
b = 5.0; c = 27.5; c’ = 3.0; odontostyle length
= 63.0 μm; replacement odontostyle length
= 81.5 μm; odontophore length = 39.0 μm;
lip region width = 8.0 μm; oral aperture-
guiding ring distance = 43.0 μm; tail length
= 43.0 μm; hyaline region at tail tip = 20.0
μm.
Description: Only one specimen was found.
General morphology agrees closely to
adults specimens described by Tzortzakakis
et al
. (2015), except for its developed repro-
ductive system, shorter body length in open
C-shape, tail shape and presence of replace-
ment odontostyle (Figure 2A). Anterior part
characterized by position of replacement
odontostyle into odontophore, just posteri-
or to base of functional odontostyle (Figure
2B). Bluntly conoid tail shape well curved
dorso-ventrally with a strong dorsal depres-
sion at hyaline region level (Figure 2C).
Distribution of
Xiphinema
and
Longido-
rus
species in cultivated olive, oleaster
and grapevine
In the soil samples of 45 olive orchards, three
Xiphinema
(viz.
X. israeliae
,
X. italiae
, and
X.
pachtaicum
) and two
Longidorus
(viz.
L. irani-
cus,
and
L. pseudoelongatus
) species were
found. In three out of the 14 wild olive tree
sampling points, two
Xiphinema
(viz.
X. her-
akliense
and
X. italiae
), and one
Longidorus
species (viz.
L. closelongatus
) were found.
In the grapevine samples, the data on the
presence of
X. index
,
X. italiae
and
X. pachta-
icum
were not considered in this study, as
these are quite common nematode species
found on grapevine in Crete. However, in
12 out of the 100 examined grapevine soil
