© Benaki Phytopathological Institute
Abstracts - 16th Hellenic Phytopathological Congress
89
tance even in the treatment of azoxystrob-
in 10.0 ppm+SHAM 100.0 ppm. The results
of this study indicate that the isolates used
(except for 315) do not demonstrate high re-
sistance levels to any of the active ingredi-
ents tested that are registered for use in vi-
ticulture.
Impact of fungicides contained in wastewaters from the fruit packaging
industry on soil microbes
E.S. P
APADOPOULOU
1
, D.G. K
ARPOUZAS
2
and U. M
ENKISSOGLU
- S
PIROUDI
1
1
Pesticide Science Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Aristotle University of
Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece.
2
Department of Biochemistry and
Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Ploutonos 26, GR-412 21 Larisa, Greece
Thiabendazole (TBZ), imazalil (IMZ), and
or-
tho
-phenyl phenol (OPP) are fungicides
used in fruit packaging plants for the control
of
Penicilium
sp. and
Geotrichum
sp. infesta-
tions during storage. Despite their indoor,
post-harvest use high loads of these fungi-
cides are annualy released in the soil envi-
ronment through direct land spreading of
wastewaters from the fruit packaging indus-
try. Taking into consideration the major role
of microbes in soil nutritient cycling, a labo-
ratory study was conducted to monitor the
effects of these fungicides on soil microbial
diversity and function. Fungicides were ap-
plied at 50 mg/kg assuming a direct soil dis-
posal scenario and potential effects were re-
corded on a temporal basis post application.
Potential nitrification, β-glucosidase, acid
and alkaline phosphatases, and fluorescence
diacetate hydrolyzing activity were deter-
mined to assess impacts on soil functions.
Furthermore, structural changes on basid-
iomycetes community, being main carbon
decomposers, were determined by denatur-
ating gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE).
A general inhibitory effect was observed
for potential nitrification in the presence
of OPP, in contrast to TBZ which promoted
potential nitrification. Enzymatic activities
were significantly affected by fungicides,
however no clear temporal patterns of fun-
gicide effects were observed. DGGE analysis
indicated a rather rich and complex soil ba-
sidiomycetes community. Multivariate anal-
ysis of the binary data matrix revealed that
fungicides significantly altered the structure
of basidiomycetes community, however as
with enzymatic activities no clear temporal
patterns of fungicide effects were evident.
To conclude, potential risk may exist to soil
microorganisms and their activities in soils
treated routinely by wastewaters from the
fruit packaging industry, therefore manage-
ment measures are necessary to control the
waste disposal of spent application solution
and prevent soil contamination.
In situ
effectiveness of different fungicides against selected resistant
phenotypes of
Botrytis cinerea
originating from lettuce
I. P
APASTERGIOU
, M. C
HATZIDIMOPOULOS
and A.C. P
APPAS
University of Thessaly, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural
Environment, GR-384 46 N. Ionia Volos, Greece
The efficacy of seven fungicides with differ-
ent modes of action against nine multiple
resistant isolates of
B. cinerea,
was tested
in
situ.
The fungicides used were: pyraclostrob-
in (strobilurin), boscalid (carboxamide), fen-
hexamid (hydroxyanilide), cyprodinil (an-
ilinopyrimidine), fludioxonil (phenylpyrrole),
fluazinam (dinitroaniline) and chlorothalonil
(phthalonitrile). Young lettuce leaves (c.v. Pe-
nelope RZ) were immersed in aqueous fun-
gicide suspensions at the recommended
spraying concentrations (a.i.%). When the
